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The Art of Personal Sādhana

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    cikitsā

    Devanāgarī: चिकित्सा Translation: therapeutics; medical treatment Related concepts:śikṣaṇa, rakṣaṇa, svastha, āyurveda, āhāra, vihāra, oṣadhi, roga, aroga, arogya, rogya, ārogya, viniyoga, krama, kriyā, hīna, atiyoga, mithyā

    Appears in

    Yoga Rahasya:

    Chapter 1: 84 , 85


    Click here for complete Saṃskṛta Index

    Commentaries around

    “In Veda, Āyurveda and Yoga Sūtra,
    various techniques are offered to aid in healing the sick.
    In addition to herbs and medicines,
    Patañjali suggests that Āsana, Prāṇāyāma and Vairāgya
    are particularly beneficial and, as any medicine,
    should be used with care and discipline.”
    – T Krishnamacharya on Yoga Sūtra Chapter One verse 34

    “According to one’s capability and reference,
    Prāṇāyāma done along with Mantra yields fruits
    in the treatment of all kinds of diseases.”
    – From T Krishnamacharya’s composition,
    the Yoga Rahasya Chapter One verse 84

    “If engaging therapeutically, firstly
    examine the gait of the breath
    and the power of the body.
    Otherwise it will not bestow fruits.”
    – From T Krishnamacharya’s composition,
    the Yoga Rahasya Chapter One verse 85

    “General outline on Cikitsa Krama.
    More sophisticated than Śikṣaṇa Krama.
    Already when you know an object it is seen differently by different people.
    So when I offer a healing object it is seen as a cause of disease by others.
    One mind can influence minds differently,
    because different minds receive things differently.”
    – TKV Desikachar France 1983

    “The process of Cikitsā has two parts:
    1. Rakṣaṇa Krama
    I am healthy and don’t want to be sick.
    By not doing anything there will be no Rakṣaṇam.
    For example:
    Yoga Sūtra Chapter Two verse 16
    heyaṃ duḥkham anāgatam
    I’m alright now,
    but I must be careful so I don’t get sick tomorrow.
    This is Rakṣaṇa Krama.”
    – TKV Desikachar France 1983

    “We cannot say that this Āsana or this Prāṇāyāma can be given for this disease.”
    – T Krishnamacharya 1984

    “One could say, of course, that I have taught Yoga to hundreds of people, of different ages, states, origins, but by Yoga I mean only postures and breath control, and do not count meditation or interpretation of the texts.
    These I have only taught to a few people and only to those I deemed worthy after several interviews, designed to give me an idea of their personality and the firmness of their intentions.
    I discouraged those who appeared to have superficial reasons for learning Yoga, but never those who came to find me because of health problems and who had frequently been turned away by the medical profession.”
    – From interviews with T Krishnamacharya by Sarah Dars, published in Viniyoga Review no 24, December 1989

    “There are two categories of practice, the Śikṣaṇa Krama way, according to the rules,
    or the Cikitsā Krama way, the application or adaptation of a posture
    to suit a particular person or a particular situation.
    Where postures need to be adapted to suit particular bodies and their limitations.
    The authority for the postures comes from the teacher,
    although some rules are indicated in the texts.”
    – TKV Desikachar England 1992

    “There are simple postures for Prāṇāyāma and Dhyāna,
    so that we can relax in the body and not be distracted by it.
    There are challenging postures,
    to enable us to master our bodies and for young people who
    will be engaged by the performance aspect of the posture.
    There are also corrective postures.”
    – TKV Desikachar England 1992

    “Krishnamacharya’s understanding of Cikitsā
    or Yoga therapy and the arrangement and
    sequencing of postures, along with modifying
    the posture and using different breathing
    patterns, plus the use of sound and different
    Bhāvana or mental foci was profound.
    This allowed for many possibilities to be
    offered, for a great number of students
    with problems, from a range of relatively
    few postures and breathing techniques.”
    – TKV Desikachar Madras 1996

    “Preventive health is a self-discipline and only a minority
    seeks Yoga as a preventive measure to prevent illness.
    Most people seem to seek Yoga only for therapy.
    But it must be remembered that the essence of Yoga is discipline.
    Essentially it is the discipline of the body,
    it is the discipline of the mind and
    it is also the discipline of the spirit.
    But prevention does not interest people
    even though it is of obvious importance.
    People get interested only when they are in trouble.
    So we now need to develop strategies
    using the salient principles of Yoga practice,
    so that it can be adapted to people with specific problems.”
    YOGA: SURGERY SANS INSTRUMENTS
    – Interview with TKV Desikachar from ‘The Hindu’ 1998

    “The teacher decides which of the Tri Krama is the best for the student:
    Śikṣaṇa Krama requires a perfect knowing to transmit a strict practice,
    without any compromise, as it should be in Vedic chanting for example.
    Rakṣaṇa Krama is aimed at protection and preservation;
    it promotes continuity in any levels like health, abilities, knowledge, etc.
    Cikitsā Krama looks for adaptation, healing, recovering…”
    – TKV Desikachar speaking with his senior Western students London 1998

    “Preventive health is a self-discipline and only a minority
    seeks Yoga as a preventive measure to prevent illness.
    Most people seem to seek Yoga only for therapy.”
    – TKV Desikachar 1998

    Question to TKV Desikachar:
    “How is Āyurveda linked to Cikitsā or the therapeutic application of Yoga?”
    TKV Desikachar Response:
    “There is a lot of difference. As far as Yoga is concerned, we are concerned with the personality of the person, the mental aspect and the higher aspirations of the student
    That is why Yoga has a lot to offer. For the body Āyurveda is the solution. A good combination would be Āyurveda and Yoga.
    My father used to do that. He would teach Āsana practice, or Prāṇāyāma or meditation and he would talk about diet and he would also give some Āyurveda medicine.
    He was treating not only the body but the whole person with the help of this great combination.”
    – Extract from an interview in the Journal Viniyoga Italia on Yoga and Well Being

    Response from TKV Desikachar on attempts being made to link Yoga to specific diseases
    “We have to examine many factors to see what is the origin of what is known as a symptom and according to that we have to propose for this condition some Yoga which is not just Āsana. Yoga is a process which makes me understand how my mind is functioning and then reduces the turbulence of mind, any technique that helps this helps the person. We are reaching the human being through the mind; we are reaching the sickness through interaction at the mental level, with different tools of course.
    This is why it is a challenge for Yoga.”
    – Extract from Interview with TKV Desikachar by Paul Harvey in 2000
    on ‘Science, Medical Conditions and Yoga as a Therapy’.

    “Where do Āsana lead us?
    1. For seated practices. (Adhyātmika – Concerning our essence)
    To stay in a stable position with the spine erect for Dhyāna or preparation for Dhyāna.
    2.  For health. (Cikitsā – Therapeutics)
    They do something for the energy flow of the body.
    3. Ability to master the body. (Śakti – Power)
    Not necessarily to promote health but to show that we can master the body.
    Often these are good for health, though many are only useful as challenges.”
    – From my study notes with TKV Desikachar.

    “Within the teachings of T Krishnamacharya,
    as transmitted to TKV Desikachar,
    the role of Śavāsana within an Āsana practice was as
    a transitional link pose between categories of Āsana.
    For example between Standing and Lying Āsana,
    or Lying and Inverted Āsana,
    or Inverted and Prone Backbends,
    or Prone Backbends and Seated Āsana,
    or Seated Āsana and Sitting Practices.
    The extent of its use and length of rest at each stage,
    when transiting from one category to another within our
    Āsana practice journey, was dependent on the facility
    of the practitioner and the intensity of the practice.
    Within this individualised variance is the guiding
    principle that the role of Śavāsana is to facilitate a
    smooth transition for the flow of the breath and also
    the pulse through and beyond the Āsana practice,
    as a marker for the practitioner’s state of mind.
    However according to Desikachar the Viniyoga of
    Śavāsana was seen in terms of recovery from the
    fatigue of the preceding aspect of the practice rather,
    than say recovery from the preceding aspects of one’s life.
    Regarding the approach for the recovery
    from the preceding aspects of one’s life,
    amongst other things such as Āhāra and Vihāra,
    the wider purpose, content, duration and frequency
    of the Āsana practice must be carefully reconsidered.”
    – 108 Postural Practice Pointers

    “Within the application of Cikitsā Krama
    Śavāsana is a position for relaxation.
    Within the application of Rakṣaṇa Krama
    Śavāsana is an Āsana for resting.
    Within the application of Śikṣaṇa Krama 
    Śavāsana is an Āsana for observation.”
    – 108 Postural Practice Pointers

    “Prāṇāyāma, the same as with Āsana and Dhyānam,
    was taught according to the core principles within
    Cikitsā Krama, Rakṣaṇa Krama and Śikṣaṇa Krama.
    Thus we have breathwork practice possibilities
    ranging from Cikitsā, using simple ratios to settle
    an irregular breathing pattern or pulse fluctuation,
    to Rakṣaṇa, with a visible competence and fluidity
    within a range of basic techniques and mild ratios,
    to Śikṣaṇa and a skill base encompassing all techniques,
    and ratios and especially, the application and integration of
    Kumbhaka with long holds both after the inhale and the exhale.”
    – 108 Prāṇāyāma Practice Pointers

    “These days, it appears that
    there is not much place for, or
    interest in the use of Kumbhaka
    within the practice of Prāṇāyāma.
    If used at all it appears to be mainly
    Cikitsā or about recovery, or at best about
    Rakṣaṇa or constitutional support, rather than
    Śikṣaṇa and a personal developmental exploration.”
    – 108 Prāṇāyāma Practice Pointers

    “What defines the transition between
    Cikitsā Krama, Rakṣaṇa Krama and
    Śikṣaṇa Krama is the desire to practice
    Prāṇāyāma for the sake of Prāṇāyāma,
    rather than for purposes such as recovery, or
    preventative health, or constitutional support,
    or reducing agitation, or promoting relaxation.
    Exploring Prāṇāyāma as Prāṇāyāma offers the
    potential to propagate a fresh perspective into
    the relationship between Prāṇa and  Nirodha.”
    – 108 Prāṇāyāma Practice Pointers

    “What can define a transition between
    Cikitsā Krama, Rakṣaṇa Krama and
    Śikṣaṇa Krama in terms of the breath?
    Is it that in Cikitsā Krama, the priority is
    within Āsana practice and establishing a
    core relationship with using the breath?
    Whereas, in Rakṣaṇa Krama, the priority
    is within Āsana practice, and developing
    the core relationship, primarily with the
    exhale and secondarily with the inhale?
    Whereas, in Śikṣaṇa Krama, the priority is
    within Prāṇāyāma practice, and developing
    the core relationship, primarily with the exhale
    and the inhale, and secondarily with the holds?”
    – 108 Prāṇāyāma Practice Pointers

    “What can define a transition between
    Cikitsā Krama, Rakṣaṇa Krama and
    Śikṣaṇa Krama in terms of Prāṇāyāma?
    Is it that in Cikitsā Krama, the priority is
    establishing an Āsana practice with the aim
    of developing a core relationship with Ujjāyī?
    Whereas, in Rakṣaṇa Krama, the priority is
    establishing a Prāṇāyāma practice with the aim
    of developing a core relationship, primarily
    with Anuloma and secondarily with Pratiloma?
    Whereas, in Śikṣaṇa Krama, the priority is
    developing a core relationship, primarily with
    Nāḍī Śodhana and secondarily with Sūrya Bhedana?”
    – 108 Prāṇāyāma Practice Pointers

    “Cikitsā Krama is to stabilise dispersed Prāṇa.
    Rakṣaṇa Krama is to conserve stabilised Prāṇa.
    Śikṣaṇa Krama is to intensify conserved Prāṇa..”
    – 108 Yoga Practice Pointers

    “Cikitsā Krama is to gather dissipated Agni.
    Rakṣaṇa Krama is to strengthen gathered Agni.
    Śikṣaṇa Krama is to utilise strengthened Agni.”
    – 108 Yoga Practice Pointers

    “Cikitsā Krama is to replenish depleted Ojas.
    Rakṣaṇa Krama is to nurture replenished Ojas.
    Śikṣaṇa Krama is to garner nurtured Ojas.”
    – 108 Yoga Practice Pointers

    “When considering what, why and how to practice,
    it can be helpful to consider our starting point.
    For example, are we looking for the role of an Āsana
    practice to help in recovering from a situation
    where we are as if personally overdrawn.
    Also, what is the nature of our ‘overdraft’?
    Is its impact or origin physical, energetic, psychological
    or emotional, or even a combination of more than one?
    Here the concepts of too little, too much, or wrong
    can also be helpful as a reference in that, as well as
    considering the nature of the ‘overdraft’, we need to
    consider the means we undertake to remedy this
    aspect of the situation. In other words our first
    priority is to choose to plan practice steps that
    will initially reduce the negative aspect at least.
    However, sometimes we can try something that is
    as if a short term loan and at a high rate of interest
    in terms of time, effort, energy and commitment.
    Thus whilst finding our situation temporarily
    improving a further depletion can possibly arise as
    we find ourselves unable to as if ‘keep up with the
    extra payments’ given the nature of the original
    depletion and its current impact on our potentials.
    So having a clear reference point in terms of
    identifying the nature of our starting point, and
    the short term or longer term potentials of a
    choice of an appropriate remedy, is as important
    as our personal determination to clear the deficit
    that has knowingly or unknowingly emerged within us.”
    – 108 Yoga Practice Pointers

    “It appears that Modern Therapeutic Yoga is increasingly angled
    at looking at the problems in front of the person
    in terms of Yoga for What,
    rather than looking at the person behind the problems
    in terms of Yoga for Who.”
    – 108 Yoga Teaching Path Pointers

    “Yoga Cikitsā is about
    Respecting the Problem
    and Treating the Person.
    Rather than
    Respecting the Person
    and Treating the Problem.”
    – 108 Yoga Teaching Path Pointers

    “Yoga Cikitsā is about
    treating a person in a problem.
    Rather than
    treating a problem in a person.”
    – 108 Yoga Teaching Path Pointers

    “Dhyāna Sādhana was taught
    according to the principles of
    Cikitsā, Rakṣaṇa and Śikṣaṇa Krama,
    with meditational practices ranging from
    pacification to protection to empowerment.”
    – 108 Yoga Teaching Path Pointers

    “You apply therapeutics through Cikitsā,
    but not protection or preservation.
    This is the role of Rakṣaṇa.”
    – 108 Yoga Teaching Path Pointers

    “The principles of Cikitsā, Rakṣaṇa and Śikṣaṇa Krama
    are more applicable to the ‘mindset’ of a person,
    rather than looking through the ‘fitness’ of their body.”
    – 108 Yoga Teaching Path Pointers

    “My Āsana study with Desikachar was shaped around forming
    a deep appreciation of specific core principles that underpin
    the planning and practice of Āsana and their application to
    the individual student’s constitution, psychology and need.
    Amongst these dozen or so core principles,
    the first group when looking at any Āsana in depth,
    were the concepts of Nāma, Rūpa and Lakṣaṇa, or the
    name, form and characteristics of that particular Āsana.
    Obviously, the Nāma is a useful tag point for identification
    and the Rūpa is vital as a reference point for the Sat Viniyoga,
    or right application of the Āsana within overall considerations of
    initial direction and outcomes through such as the Śikṣaṇa Krama,
    Rakṣaṇa Krama or Cikitsā Krama application of the forms used.
    However, I do feel these days that our understanding in Āsana
    practice is more dominated by the Nāma and the Rūpa with
    little emphasis on the Lakṣaṇa or inherent characteristics of the
    Āsana and how understanding this aspect can have a profound
    effect on the approach, application and outcome of the overall or
    accumulative impact of the Āsana within the student’s practice.
    The teachings of Krishnamacharya around Āsana included
    an in-depth appreciation of the Lakṣaṇa, especially around
    the thirty or so primary and secondary support Āsana such as
    Uttānāsana, Jaṭhara Parivṛtti, Bhujaṅgāsana or Januśīrṣāsana.”
    – 108 Yoga Teaching Path Pointers

    “The First and Second Chapters of the Yoga Sūtra
    can be linked to the teaching concepts of
    Śikṣaṇa, Rakṣaṇa and Cikitsā Krama.
    In that the Samādhi Yoga in Chapter One
    can be seen as apt for a Śikṣaṇa situation,
    whereby the primary aim is discernment, as in
    exploring what lies within the sense of I-Am.
    Whereas in Chapter Two, the Kriya Yoga section
    can be seen as being apt for a Cikitsā situation,
    whereby the primary aim is recovering, as in
    reducing agitation through lifestyle changes.
    and the Bāhya Aṅga section of Aṣṭāṅga Yoga
    can be seen as being apt for a Rakṣaṇa situation,
    whereby the primary aim is establishing stability,
    through a formal practice within a Yoga Sādhana.”
    – 108 Yoga Teaching Path Pointers

    “In terms of Prāṇāyāma from
    a one-to-one perspective,
    we need to consider whether
    the practice starting point for
    the practitioner is from a Rakṣaṇa,
    Cikitsā, or Śikṣaṇa Krama viewpoint.
    From  a Rakṣaṇa Krama viewpoint,
    the situation we are focusing on initially
    is on developing the length of the breath.
    From a Cikitsā Krama viewpoint,
    the practitioner’s energy and
    respiratory capacity may be low,
    so the scope for working on the length
    of the breath may well be limited.
    Therefore a suggested strategy initially,
    is to focus on the subtlety of the breath.
    Whereas, from a Śikṣaṇa Krama viewpoint,
    the potential is there to work and develop
    both the length and the subtlety of the breath.
    So both options can be explored from the onset.”
    – 108 Yoga Teaching Path Pointers

    Links to Related Posts:

    • A fundamental facet in the principles of Āsana, Mudrā and Prāṇāyāma practice……
    • A sample Parivṛtti and Paścimatāna Themed Group Practice
    • Cikitsā Practice for a Beginning, though not Novice, Level Āsana student
    • Exploring Prāṇāyāma within Cikitsā, Rakṣaṇa and Śikṣaṇa Krama…
    • I still do not know the answer until I meet the person……
    • It is not possible to give examples of illnesses or ailments that can be improved……
    • Laṅghana Kriyā has two functional dimensions…
    • Nāma, Rūpa, Lakṣana – The Name, Form and Characteristics of Āsana
    • Physiological and psychological considerations around the practitioner’s starting point…
    • Question to Krishnamacharya – “Can you explain the concept of Vinyāsa and Pratikriyā Āsana?”
    • Science, Medical Conditions and Yoga as a Therapy
    • The breadth, depth and potential of Desikachar’s teachings on practice……
    • There is an increasing tendency in terms of Modern Therapeutic Yoga application strategies……
    • The Viniyoga of Inversion as an Āsana or as a Mudrā……
    • This approach is known as the Yoga of Rejuvenation and Prevention……
    • This guiding principle of seeing the person rather than the problem……
    • T Krishnamacharya Cikitsā Practice excerpt aged 96
    • T Krishnamacharya’s accomplishments should not be defined just by his more well known characterisations……
    • When somebody comes to us they are not coming with one problem……
    • YOGA: SURGERY SANS INSTRUMENTS – Interview with TKV Desikachar 1998

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